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Nanotechnologies
are the design, characterisation, production and application
of structures, devices and systems
by controlling shape and size at nanometre
scale.
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Nanotechnology,
which is sometimes shortened to "Nanotech",
refers to a field whose theme is the control of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally nanotechnology deals
with structures 100 nanometers
or smaller, and involves developing materials or devices within that size.
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Technology development at the atomic, molecular, or macromolecular range of
approximately 1-100 nanometers
to create and use structures, devices, and systems
that have novel properties.
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The
interactions of cellular and molecular
components and engineered materials-typically clusters
of atoms, molecules,
and molecular
fragments-at the most elemental level of biology. Such nanoscale objects-typically, though not
exclusively, with dimensions smaller than 100 nanometers-can
be useful by themselves or as part of larger devices containing multiple nanoscale objects.
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Nanotechnology
is the design, characterization, production and application of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at the nanoscale. Eight to ten atoms
span one nanometer
(nm). The human hair is approximately 70,000 to 80,000 nm thick.
Nanotechnology should really be called "nanotechnologies": There is
no single field of nanotechnology. The term broadly refers to such fields as
biology, physics or chemistry,
any scientific field, or a combination thereof, that deals with the deliberate
and controlled manufacturing of nanostructures.The
United States'
National Nanotechnology Initiative website defines it as follows:
"Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions
of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers,
where unique phenomena enable novel applications."
Nanoscience
is the study of phenomena and manipulation of material at the nanoscale, in essence an extension of existing sciences into the nanoscale.
Nanoscience
is the world of atoms, molecules, macromolecules, quantum
dots, and macromolecular assemblies, and is dominated by surface effects such
as Van der Waals force attraction, hydrogen bonding, electronic
charge, ionic
bonding, covalent bonding, hydrophobicity,
hydrophilicity, and quantum
mechanical
tunneling,
to the virtual exclusion of macro-scale effects such as turbulence and
inertia. For example, the vastly increased ratio of surface area to volume
opens new possibilities in surface-based science,
such as catalysis.
The ongoing quest for miniaturization has resulted in tools such as the
atomic force microscope (AFM) and the scanning tunneling
microscope (STM). Combined with refined processes such as electron beam lithography, these instruments allow us to
deliberately manipulate and manufacture nanostructures.
Engineered nanomaterials, either by way of a top-down
approach (a bulk material is reduced in size to nanoscale
pattern) or a bottom-up
approach (larger structures are built or grown atom by atom or molecule
by molecule),
go beyond just a further step in miniaturization. They have broken a size
barrier below which quantization of energy
for the electrons
in solids becomes relevant. The so-called "quantum
size
effect" describes the physics of electron
properties in solids with great reductions
in particle size. This effect does not come
into play by going from macro to micro dimensions. However, it becomes
dominant when the nanometer
size range is reached. Materials reduced to the nanoscale
can suddenly show very different properties compared to what they show on a macroscale. For instance, opaque substances
become transparent (copper); inert materials become catalysts
(platinum); stable
materials turn combustible (aluminum);
solids turn into liquids at room temperature
(gold); insulators
become conductors
(silicon). A second important aspect of the nanoscale
is that the smaller a nanoparticle gets, the larger its relative
surface area becomes. Its electronic
structure changes dramatically, too. Both effects lead to greatly improved
catalytic activity but can also lead to aggressive chemical reactivity. The
fascination with nanotechnology stems from these unique quantum and surface phenomena that matter exhibits
at the nanoscale,
making possible novel applications
and interesting materials.
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Research
and technology
development at the atomic, molecular or macromolecular levels, in the length
scale of approximately 1 - 100 nanometer
range, to provide a fundamental understanding of phenomena and materials at
the nanoscale
and to create and use structures, devices and systems
that have novel properties and functions because of their small and/or
intermediate size. The novel and differentiating properties and functions are
developed at a critical length scale of matter typically under 100 nm.
Nanotechnology research and development includes manipulation under control of
the nanoscale
structures and their integration into larger material components, systems and architectures. Within these larger scale
assemblies, the control and construction of their structures and components
remains at the nanometer
scale. In some particular cases, the critical length scale for novel
properties and phenomena may be under 1 nm (e.g., manipulation of atoms at ~0.1 nm) or be larger than 100 nm (e.g., nanoparticle reinforced polymers have the unique feature at ~ 200-300 nm as
a function of the local bridges or bonds
between the nano particles and the polymer).
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1.
The design, characterization, production and application of materials, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at the nanoscale.
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A
field of science
whose goal is to control individual atoms
and molecules
to create computer chips and other devices that are thousands of times
smaller than current technologies permit. Current manufacturing processes use lithography to imprint circuits on semiconductor materials. While lithography has improved dramatically over the
last two decades -- to the point where some manufacturing plants can produce circuits
smaller than one micron
(1,000 nanometers)
-- it still deals with aggregates
of millions of atoms.
It is widely believed that lithography is quickly approaching its physical
limits. To continue reducing the size of semiconductors, new technologies that juggle
individual atoms
will be necessary. This is the realm of nanotechnology.Although research in
this field dates back to Richard P. Feynman's classic talk in 1959, the term
nanotechnology was first coined by K. Eric Drexler in 1986 in the book Engines of Creation.In the popular
press, the term nanotechnology is sometimes used to refer to any sub-micron process, including lithography. Because of this, many scientists
are beginning to use the term molecular
nanotechnology when talking about true nanotechnology at the molecular level.
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Nanotechnology,
or, as it is sometimes called, molecular
manufacturing , is a branch of engineering that deals with the design and
manufacture of extremely small electronic
circuits and mechanical
devices built at the molecular
level of matter. The Institute of Nanotechnology in the U.K. expresses it as
"science
and technology
where dimensions and tolerances in the range of 0.1 nanometer
(nm) to 100 nm play a critical role." Nanotechnology is often discussed
together with micro-electromechanical systems
( MEMS ), a subject that usually includes nanotechnology but may also include
technologies higher than the molecular
level.
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Areas
of technology
where dimensions and tolerances in the range of 0.1nm to 100nm play a
critical role
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The
art of manipulating materials on an atomic or molecular
scale especially to build microscopic devices (as robots)
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The
study of systems
and devices on the molecular
scale. Nanotechnology problems are very amenable to molecular
modeling, and a huge growth area in global r&d.
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In
recent general usage, any technology
related to features of nanometer
scale: thin
films, fine particles, chemical synthesis,
advanced microlithography, and so forth. As introduced by the author, a technology based on the ability to build
structures to complex, atomic specifications by means of mechanosynthesis; this can be termed molecular nanotechnology.
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Technology based on the manipulation of
individual atoms
and molecules
to build structures to complex, atomic specifications.
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As
used by
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See
Molecular
nanotechnology.
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A
manufacturing technology
able to inexpensively fabricate most structures consistent with natural law,
and to do so with molecular
precision. [FS]
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Nanotechnology
is the creation of functional materials, devices, and systems through control of matter on the nanometer (1 to 100+ nm) length scale and the
exploitation of novel properties and phenomena developed at that scale.
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The
art of manipulating materials on an atomic or molecular
scale especially to build microscopic devices.
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Nanotechnology
is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions between
approximately 1 and 100 nanometers,
where unique phenomena enable novel applications.
Encompassing nanoscale
science, engineering,
and technology,
nanotechnology involves imaging, measuring, modeling, and manipulating matter
at this length scale.
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Areas
of technology
where dimensions and tolerances in the range of 0.1nm to 100nm play a
critical role.
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Nanotechnologies
are the design, characterisation, production and application
of structures, devices and systems
by controlling shape and size at nanometre
scale.
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Areas
of technology
where dimensions and tolerances in the range of 0.1nm to 100nm play a
critical role.
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Innovative
motivator of this century - the biggest secret in the smallest possible
dimension. Nanotechnology ("nano" - Greek: dwarf) is a
comparatively young technology.
It deals itself with the research, processing and production of items as well
as structures that are smaller than 100 Nanometers
(nm) in at least one dimension. A nanometer
is a billionth of a meter (10-9 m) and around 50000 times finer than the
average human hair. The small size of the nano particles or nano structures
is one of the main reasons for their particular properties. The relative
surface increases as the particle size decreases. For this reason,
nano structures have an extremely large surface that considerably influences
the behavior. Nano structures therefore lie in the dimension range in which
the surface properties play an increasingly greater role in view of the
volume properties of the materials, and quantum
physical effects must also be taken more into consideration. However, the mechanical, optical,
magnetic, electrical and chemical properties of these tiny structures do not
just depend on the nature of the basic material. Instead, they depend in a
particular way on the size, shape and the nature in which these small
structures are generated and integrated into materials.
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Technology development at the atomic, molecular, or macromolecular range of
approximately 1-100 nanometers
to create and use structures, devices, and systems
that have novel properties.
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Technology development at the atomic and molecular range (1 nm to 100 nm) to create and use
structures, devices and systems
that have novel properties because of their small size
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Areas
of technology
where dimensions and tolerances in the range of 0.1nm to 100nm play a
critical role.
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The
design, characterization, production, and application of structures, devices, and systems by controlled manipulation of size and shape
at the nanometer
scale (atomic, molecular,
and macromolecular scale) that produces structures, devices, and systems with at least one novel/superior characteristic or property.
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The
application
of nanoscience
in order to control processes on the nanometer
scale, i.e. Between 0.1 nm and 100 nm.
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The
creation and use of objects at the nanoscale,
up to 100 nanometers
in size.
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Technology on the nanometer
scale. The original definition is technology
that is built from single atoms
and which depends on individual atoms
for function. An example is an enzyme.
If you mutate the enzyme's
gene, the modified enzyme
may or may not function. In contrast, if you remove a few atoms from a hammer, it still will work just as well. This is an important distinction
that has generally been lost as the hype about nanotechnology and it is used
as a buzz word for 'small' instead of a distinctly different technology. Fortunately real nanotechnologies are
in the works.
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